Nighthawk
Kyle Richmond

Note that Kyle Richmond of mainstream Marvel Earth (Earth 616) and Kyle Richmond of the Squadron Supreme Earth (Earth 712) are technically two different characters, each with their own distinct history and continuity. But because both characters are known as "Nighthawk" and wear an essentially identical costume, and because there are no known differences in the religious affiliation between the two characters, there is one single database entry for both versions.

Kyle Richmond is a well-established Marvel super-hero known as Nighthawk, perhaps best known as a member of the Defenders. There are a few alternative timeline and alternative dimension versions of Kyle Richmond. Typically we consider all such alternative versions in a single database entry (and single dedicated webpage). This is because alternative versions of characters invariably share the same religious affiliation.

The "Earth-X" (or "Universe X", a.k.a. Earth-9997) version of Kyle Richmond strikes us as so distinctive and unusual that he merits special attention. We will probably need to carefully read the story that portrays him a few times in order to grasp the religious significance of the character. On Earth-X, Kyle Richmond is known as "4D-Man. Jeff Christiansen's description of the character reads: "Cosmic consciousness. Once chronicled the events of Earth X till he was betrayed by Christians."

Kyle Richmond appeared as "4D-Man" in Universe X #0 (Sep. 2006). This story was written by Roy Thomas, with art by Sal Buscema, Jim Krueger, and Dougie Braithwaite.

Does this mean that Kyle Richmond of Earth-X has achieved "cosmic consciousness" (whatever that is), or has he somehow become a "cosmic consciousness"? Does this mean he should be classified with cosmic entities?

And what is meant by the part about him chronicling events on Earth X until "he was betrayed by Christians"? Does this mean he was betrayed by somebody named "Christians," such as Isaac Christians (a.k.a. the superhero member of the Defenders known as "Gargoyle")? Or does this mean that 4D-Man was betrayed by adherents of Christianity? Did a few people who call themselves Christians betray 4D-Man? Or did Christianity as a whole somehow act in concert and betray him? If so, why?

Clearly there are many unanswered questions about this version of Kyle Richmond. Further careful reading and research is needed.

This character is in the following 165 stories which have been indexed by this website:
The Avengers

The Avengers (vol. 1) #69 (Oct. 1969): "Let the Game Begin"
The Avengers (vol. 1) #70 (Nov. 1969): "When Strikes the Squadron Sinister!"
The Avengers (vol. 1) #71 (Dec. 1969): "Endgame!" (vision)
The Avengers (vol. 1) #86 (Mar. 1971): "Brain-Child to the Dark Tower Came"
The Avengers (vol. 1) #167 (Jan. 1978): "Tomorrow Dies Today!"

Avengers: The Initiative #1 (June 2007): "Happy Accidents" (cameo)
Captain America

Captain America (vol. 1) #268 (Apr. 1982): "Peace on Earth -- Good Will to Man"
Captain America (vol. 1) #314 (Feb. 1986): "Asylum"
Captain America (vol. 1) #315 (Mar. 1986): "The Hard Sell" (cameo)
Captain America (vol. 3) #50 (Feb. 2002): "Stars & Stripes Forever"

Civil War: Battle Damage Report #1 (Mar. 2007)
Daredevil (vol. 1) #62 (Mar. 1970): "Quoth the Nighthawk, "Nevermore!""
Dark X-Men: The Beginning #3 (Oct. 2009): "Hidden Depths" (1-panel cameo)
The Defenders

The Defenders (vol. 1) #12 (Feb. 1974): "The Titan Strikes Back!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #13 (May 1974): "For Sale: One Planet--Slightly Used!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #14 (July 1974): "And Who Shall Inherit the Earth?"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #15 (Sep. 1974): "Panic Beneath the Earth!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #16 (Oct. 1974): "Alpha, the Ultimate Mutant!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #17 (Nov. 1974): "Power Play!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #18 (Dec. 1974): "Rampage!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #19 (Jan. 1975): "Doomball!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #20 (Feb. 1975): "The Woman She Was...!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #21 (Mar. 1975): "Enter: The Headmen!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #22 (Apr. 1975): "Fangs of Fire and Blood!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #23 (May 1975): "...The Snakes Shall Inherit the Earth!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #24 (June 1975): "--In the Jaws of the Serpent!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #25 (July 1975): "The Serpent Sheds its Skin"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #26 (Aug. 1975): "Savage Time!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #27 (Sep. 1975): "Three Worlds to Conquer!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #28 (Oct. 1975): "My Mother, the Badoon!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #29 (Nov. 1975): "Let My Planet Go!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #30 (Dec. 1975): "Gold Diggers of Fear!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #31 (Jan. 1976): "Nighthawk's Brain!" (lead character)
The Defenders (vol. 1) #32 (Feb. 1976): "Musical Minds!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #33 (Mar. 1976): "Webbed Hands, Warm Heart!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #34 (Apr. 1976): "I Think We're All Bozos in this Book!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #35 (May 1976): "Bring Back My Body to Me, to Me...!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #36 (June 1976): "A Garden of Earthly Demise!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #37 (July 1976): "Evil in Bloom!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #38 (Aug. 1976): "Exile to Oblivion!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #39 (Sep. 1976): "Riot in Cellblock 12!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #40 (Oct. 1976): "Love, Anarchy and, Oh Yes... the Assassin!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #41 (Nov. 1976): "Intruder in the Sand!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #42 (Dec. 1976): "And in this Corner: The New Emissaries of Evil!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #43 (Jan. 1977): "This World Is Mine!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #44 (Feb. 1977): "Rage of the Rajah!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #45 (Mar. 1977): "We Must Free the Defenders!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #46 (Apr. 1977): "Who Remembers Scorpio?"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #47 (May 1977): "Night Moves!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #48 (June 1977): "Who Remembers Scorpio? Part One: Sinister Savior!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #49 (July 1977): "Who Remembers Scorpio? Part Two: Rampage"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #50 (Aug. 1977): "Who Remembers Scorpio? Part Three Scorpio: Must Die!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #51 (Sep. 1977): "A Round with the Ringer!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #52 (Oct. 1977): "Defender of the Realm!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #53 (Nov. 1977): "The Power Principle, Part One: The Prince and the Presence!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #54 (Dec. 1977): "The Power Principle, Part Two: A Study in Survival!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #55 (Jan. 1978): "The Power Principle, Part Three: Emotion, Ego... and Empty Expectations!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #56 (Feb. 1978): "Val's New York Adventure!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #57 (Mar. 1978): "And Along Came... Ms. Marvel!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #58 (Apr. 1978): "Xenogenesis Day of the Demons, Part 1: Agents of Fortune" (only on cover)
The Defenders (vol. 1) #59 (May 1978): "Xenogenesis Day of the Demons, Part 2: Tyranny and Mutation"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #60 (June 1978): "Xenogenesis Day of the Demons, Part 3: The Revenge of Vera Gemini!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #61 (July 1978): "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Lunatik!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #62 (Aug. 1978): "Membership Madness!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #63 (Sep. 1978): "Deadlier by the Dozen!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #64 (Oct. 1978): "D-Day!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #65 (Nov. 1978): "Of Ambitions and Giant Amoebas"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #66 (Dec. 1978): "Val in Valhalla, Part One: War of the Dead!" (vision)
The Defenders (vol. 1) #67 (Jan. 1979): "Val in Valhalla, Part Two: We, the Unliving..."
The Defenders (vol. 1) #68 (Feb. 1979): "Valhalla Can Wait!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #69 (Mar. 1979): "The Anything Man!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #70 (Apr. 1979): "Catch a Falling Lunatik!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #71 (May 1979): "Stranger & Stranger in a Strange Land"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #72 (June 1979): "Up from the Sky!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #73 (July 1979): "Of Wizards, Shadows & Kings"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #74 (Aug. 1979): "Fools Rush In!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #75 (Sep. 1979): "Poetic Justice"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #76 (Oct. 1979): "Little Triggers!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #77 (Nov. 1979): "Waiting for the End of the World!" (cameo)
The Defenders (vol. 1) #78 (Dec. 1979): "The Return of the Original Defenders!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #79 (Jan. 1980): "Chains of Love!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #80 (Feb. 1980): "Once a Defender"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #81 (Mar. 1980): "War in Ogeon!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #83 (May 1980): "End of the Tunnel"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #84 (June 1980): "Battle Royal!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #85 (July 1980): "Like a Proud Black Panther..."
The Defenders (vol. 1) #86 (Aug. 1980): "The Left Hand of Silence!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #87 (Sep. 1980): "Inquest"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #88 (Oct. 1980): "Lord of the Whales"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #89 (Nov. 1980): "A Death in the Family!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #90 (Dec. 1980): "Mind Over Mandrill!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #91 (Jan. 1981): "Defiance"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #92 (Feb. 1981): "Eternity...Humanity...Oblivion!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #93 (Mar. 1981): "The Woman Behind the Man!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #95 (May 1981): "The Vampire Strikes Back!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #96 (June 1981): "The Rock and Roll Conspiracy!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #97 (July 1981): "Slouching Toward Bethlehem"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #98 (Aug. 1981): "The Hand Closes!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #99 (Sep. 1981): "The Final Conflict?"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #100 (Oct. 1981): "Hell on Earth!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #101 (Nov. 1981): "Renewal!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #102 (Dec. 1981): "Mind Games!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #103 (Jan. 1982): "The Haunting of Christiansboro!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #104 (Feb. 1982): "Yesterday Never Dies!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #106 (Apr. 1982): "The War to End All Wars!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #107 (May 1982): "On Death and Dying..." (mentioned)
The Defenders (vol. 1) #109 (July 1982): "Vengeance! Cries the Valkyrie"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #110 (Aug. 1982): "...Hunger..."
The Defenders (vol. 1) #111 (Sep. 1982): "Fathers and Daughters"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #112 (Oct. 1982): "Strange Visitor from Another Planet!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #113 (Nov. 1982): "Moon Madness!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #115 (Jan. 1983): "A Very Wrong Turn!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #119 (May 1983): "Ashes, Ashes...We All Fall Down!"
The Defenders (vol. 1) #124 (Oct. 1983): "Darkness On the Edge of Time!"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #1 (Mar. 2001): "Once More, the End of the World..."
The Defenders (vol. 2) #2 (Apr. 2001): "The Curse"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #3 (May 2001): "The Armies of the Slain"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #4 (June 2001): "Ride of the Valkyrie"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #5 (July 2001): "Headhunt"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #6 (Aug. 2001): "Rumble in the Sky"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #7 (Sep. 2001): "Fire Above, Thunder Below"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #8 (Oct. 2001): "Day of the Great Ones"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #9 (Nov. 2001): "While You Were Out...!"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #10 (Dec. 2001): "Head to Head"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #11 (Jan. 2002): "Vengeance!"
The Defenders (vol. 2) #12 (Feb. 2002): "Fooling with Mother Nature"
The Defenders Annual #1 (Oct. 1976): "World Gone Sane?"

Giant-Size Defenders

Giant-Size Defenders #2 (Oct. 1974): "H...as in Hulk...Hell...and Holocaust!"
Giant-Size Defenders #3 (Jan. 1975): "Games Godlings Play!"
Giant-Size Defenders #4 (Apr. 1975): "Too Cold a Night For Dying!"
Giant-Size Defenders #5 (July 1975): "Eelar Moves in Mysterious Ways!"
Giant-Size Defenders #5 (July 1975): "Quoth the Nighthawk, "Nevermore!""

Lunatik #1 (Dec. 1995) (cameo)
Marvel Super-Hero Contest of Champions #1 (June 1982): "A Gathering of Heroes!"
Marvel Team-Up

Marvel Team-Up (vol. 1) #33 (May 1975): "Anybody Here Know a Guy Named Meteor Man?" (lead character)
Marvel Team-Up (vol. 1) #34 (June 1975): "Beware the Death Crusade!"
Marvel Team-Up (vol. 1) #101 (Jan. 1981): "To Judge a Nighthawk!" (lead character)

Marvel Treasury Edition #12 (Jan. 1976): "The Duck and the Defenders"
Marvel Two-in-One (vol. 1) #34 (Dec. 1977): "A Monster Walks Among Us!" (lead character)
Ms. Marvel (vol. 2) #14 (June 2007): "The Deal: Part 2" (cameo)
The New Avengers (vol. 2) #7 (Feb. 2011) (1-panel cameo)
New Thunderbolts

New Thunderbolts #7 (June 2005): "Modern Marvels" (cameo)
New Thunderbolts #15 (Jan. 2006): "Does Anyone Remember the Squadron Sinister?"
New Thunderbolts #16 (Feb. 2006): "Supreme Power!"
New Thunderbolts #17 (Mar. 2006): "Bad Blood"
New Thunderbolts #18 (Apr. 2006): "The Whole Hole"

Omega the Unknown Classic

Omega the Unknown Classic (Dec. 2005): "Poetic Justice"
Omega the Unknown Classic (Dec. 2005): "Little Triggers!"
Omega the Unknown Classic (Dec. 2005): "Waiting for the End of the World!" (cameo)
Omega the Unknown Classic (Dec. 2005): "The Return of the Original Defenders!"

The Order

The Order (vol. 1) #1 (Apr. 2002): "The Best Defense..."
The Order (vol. 1) #2 (May 2002): "It's Our World"
The Order (vol. 1) #3 (June 2002): "Ultimatum: Avengers"
The Order (vol. 1) #4 (July 2002): "Norrin's Rib"
The Order (vol. 1) #5 (Aug. 2002): "Blinded by Science"
The Order (vol. 1) #6 (Sep. 2002): "Out of Order"

The Thing (vol. 2) #8 (Aug. 2006): "Last Hand"
Thunderbolts

Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #57 (Dec. 2001): "Storm Clouds Gathering" (cameo)
Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #58 (Jan. 2002): "Degrees of Evil"
Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #100 (May 2006): "The War at Home"
Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #101 (June 2006): "Why Ask Why?"
Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #102 (July 2006): "Rush"
Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #105 (Oct. 2006): "Swimming with Sharks"
Thunderbolts (vol. 1) #106 (Nov. 2006): "Power Hungry"

Universe X #0 (Sep. 2002) (lead character)

Suggested links for further research about this character:
  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nighthawk_(Marvel_Comics)
  - http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=2168
  - http://comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=8363
  - http://www.comicvine.com/nighthawk/29-4832/
  - http://www.marvunapp.com/master/nianightp.htm
  - http://www.marvunapp.com/master/sqss.htm
  - http://www.marvunapp.com/master/fosfoz.htm
  - http://comicbookdb.com/issue.php?ID=17414
  - https://www.comics.org/issue/23035/
  - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thunderbolts_members
  - http://www.comicboards.com/marvelguide/n2.html
  - http://www.comicboards.com/marvelguide/earth-s.html
  - http://www.comixfan.com/xfan/forums/archive/index.php/t-13150.html
  - https://www.comics.org/issue/88575/
  - http://comicbookdb.com/issue.php?ID=1341

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